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Legetøj, Speak and Spell (USA, 1980)
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Legetøj, Speak and Spell (USA, 1980), Velfungerende med almindelige brugsspor i den lettere ende. Detter er modellen som var med i filmen E.T.
Fragt 47kr GLS
Maskinens robot taler Engelsk.
oys as Teaching Machines
The Speak & Spell — one of the most iconic toys of the 1980s — is a teaching machine.
By that, I don’t mean simply that it’s an electronic, educational device. It is that, sure.
The Speak & Spell is a teaching machine specifically in the tradition of B. F. Skinner, reflecting some of both Skinner’s design principles and his theories of learning, decades older than the popular Texas Instruments device. Rather than selecting the correctly-spelled word in a multiple choice quiz, for the example, the Speak & Spell prompts the user to construct the response. It praises; it corrects.
In his “History of Teaching Machines,” historian of psychology Ludy Benjamin writes that,
“A teaching machine is an automatic or self-controlling device that (a) presents a unit of information (B. F. Skinner would say that the information must be new), (b) provides some means for the learner to respond to the information, and (c) provides feedback about the correctness of the learner’s responses.”
The shared features in most definitions of teaching machines include automation, immediate feedback, and self-pacing. The Speak & Spell has all three, using “contingencies of reinforcement” to establish appropriate spelling behavior. (Some of its engineers thought it would be funny if the user received a raspberry or a funny comment when they spelled a word wrong. But this idea was rejected as it would “reward” incorrect spelling.)
Like so much of education technology, the Speak & Spell takes a behaviorist approach to teaching and learning.
That’s noteworthy, because I would argue that the Speak & Spell has profoundly shaped how we think about electronic educational devices — what we expect these devices to do.
Mobile Computing and Ed-Tech: From Calculators to the Little Professor.
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Sidst redigeret: 10.2.2025 kl. 16:42 ・ Annonce-ID: 6041102
